Alpaca Genetic Profile

A genetic profile, sometimes referred to as a DNA profile, is a set of genetic markers that enables the unique identification of an individual. A genetic marker is a specific part of the DNA genetic code that differs among individuals. The genetic profile remains unchanged throughout life and cannot be falsified or destroyed. It is used for individual identification, parentage verification, relationship testing, and breeding optimization.

Applications of the Genetic Profile

Determination of a genetic profile serves as a reliable lifelong identification method in many situations:

• Loss or theft of an alpaca — Enables verification of the animal’s identity if a lost or stolen alpaca is found.
• Failure or loss of identification — If a microchip stops functioning or another form of identification is lost, the genetic profile can reliably confirm the animal’s identity.
• Reproduction and reproductive material handling — Used for identification of semen or embryos.

It is also used for parentage verification:

• Routine pedigree checks or doubts about parentage — Provides reliable verification of paternity or maternity.
• Confirmation of origin and family relationships — Sibling relationships, grandparent–grandchild relationships, and other relatedness can be verified. The more related individuals included in the test, the more accurate the probability assessment of relatedness.

In breeding programs, the genetic profile serves as a tool for:

• Selection of optimal breeding pairs — Comparison of genetic profiles allows selection of suitable combinations to maintain genetic diversity within the population.
• Population studies — Monitoring genetic diversity, heterozygosity, and inbreeding.

Sample Collection

For genetic profile testing, blood samples are preferred. Sampling is performed by a veterinarian, who simultaneously confirms the identity of the individual by checking the microchip or other identification. The analysis is highly sensitive to DNA quality. Buccal swab samples may also be used; however, they must be collected carefully and stored in breathable packaging to dry thoroughly.

Testing Methodology

The laboratory uses internationally recognized standards for genetic identification based on STR marker (Short Tandem Repeats) analysis. DNA profiling is suitable for individual identification, parentage verification, and relationship testing.

There are two main technological approaches for genetic profiling: STR and SNP. These approaches are not mutually compatible and cannot be directly compared.

STR Genetic Profile

The STR (Short Tandem Repeats) genetic profile is based on the analysis of microsatellite markers — short repetitive DNA sequences consisting of two to seven base pairs. The number of repeats is individual and inherited from the parents, making STR profiles highly suitable for parentage verification and genetic identification.

The STR analysis process includes several main steps:

• DNA isolation — DNA is extracted from the sample and serves as the starting material for analysis.
• PCR amplification — Specific DNA regions containing STR markers are amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
• Fragment separation by electrophoresis — Amplified DNA fragments are separated according to length in an electric field.
• Data detection and analysis — Fluorescently labeled DNA fragments are detected by a laser scanner.
• Interpretation of results — The result is a unique combination of markers identifying a specific individual.

Comparison of STR profiles enables verification of identity or confirmation of family relationships with very high reliability.

List of markers included in the panel

LCA5, LCA8, LCA19, LCA37, LCA56, LCA65, LCA66, LCA94, LCA99, LGU49, LGU50, YWLL44, YWLL29, YWLL40.